Refugees from Poland after the Second World War

Photo 1: The parents of Henry Starecki. They came from Poland. The photo was taken at the resettlement camp for Polish people set up at a former military base in Fowlmere (a village to the south of Cambridge), after the Second World War. (Photo source: Henry Starecki)

Photo 2: Catholic Church – the church became the focal point for Polish ex-military and their families who could not return home. (Photo source: Mike Levy)

Photo 3: Fowlmere Resettlement Camp – the former US air base became a resettlement camp for many Polish families. It is now a museum. (Photo source: Henry Serecki)

Photo 4: Grave of Polish butcher. Mr Fabish ran a a butcher’s shop on Mill Road. The former Polish refugee sent food parcels to his native country in the 1980s. (Photo source: Mike Levy)

Photo 5: Newmarket Road Cemetery – many of the first generation of Polish refugees are buried here. (Photo source: Mike Levy)

Photo 6: Polish Butcher Shop, Here was Mr Fabish’s shop – a gathering place for the Polish community. (Photo source: Mike Levy)

Photo 7: Polish grave – one of many in Newmarket Road Cemetery. (Photo source: Mike Levy)

Photo 8: Polonia – the social club, bar and meeting place for the Polish community, set up in the 1970s. (Photo source: Mike Levy)

Photo 9: Mill Road Broadway – a Polish grocery shop here was an important facility for the community. (Photo source: Mike Levy)

At the end of the Second World War, around 150,000 Polish military personnel and their families were residents in Britain. The men had fought with the British army and RAF and could not return to Poland, which was under Stalin's dictatorship post-1945. They were at risk of being persecuted by Stalin, as they had fought with the British. Several hundred were housed in and around Cambridge in former army or air force barracks, including one at Fowlmere and two in Trumpington. In the 50s, many moved from the barracks into Cambridge, where they formed a vibrant Polish community,  centred around the Catholic Church on Hills Road and the newly-created Polonia social centre on Chesterton Road. Many lived in the Mill Road area, and the first Polish shops were set up there.

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Henry Serecki, the son of Polish parents, who found refuge in Britain after the Second World War, was born in a resettlement camp near Cambridge. Here he talks about his parents and memories of a Polish childhood in the Cambridge area.

 1. Country of origin and journey 

"Dad was born in Kraków and then moved down to almost the Romanian border. Mum was born in a little village called Leszko, right down in the southern Poland.

 

Dad went through the war and into Syria, joined the Anders army and of course then they were all part of the Second Corps under the 8th army command. He came up through Italy, Monte Cassino and then came back to England, when the war finished. Mum unfortunately had a very unhappy childhood.  When the Germans invaded, she was a 13 year old girl. The Germans literally seconded her and shipped her into Austria to a place called Klagenfurt, where she was for five years."

2. Arrival

" My mother came to England to a camp just outside Brandon. It’s where the Polish forces were. This is where my dad was stationed. They met at a dance and he said, 'will you marry me?' And she said 'yes'.

My brother was born in that camp, but in 1948, the family moved to Fowlmere, the Polish resettlement camp there. It was a former RAF station, and during the war the Americans moved in with their 339th fighter group.

We lived in tin Nissen huts [named after Nissen, who invented them]. There were approximately 80 families. Our hut was split in half and had two families living in it. The washhouse was at the bottom of the garden."

 

" The Polish families had to create a community from scratch. I was born in the Fowlmere camp in 1950. My earliest memories were, that it was brilliant. The only thing we had was a church. It was literally an American army barrack. It was on ‘site 5’ along the Chrishall Road. It was too small, and people were even standing outside every Sunday for mass. We had our own priest. He had been a prisoner of war in Germany. He did christen me. Every time I go to the Polish churchyard in Newmarket Road, I still light a candle for him."

 

3. Community life

" Cambridge was a meeting point in this part of East Anglia, probably because of the church. I think the church had a big role to play. Sunday masses were very well attended. There were, I'd say, 200 plus people and the Poles had their own choir. Some of the women, my mother included, used to get together, take over the kitchen there [the Catholic church] and make Sunday lunches for after church, and the profits made went to charity."

The Polonia club:

" We started a committee to buy a house [for the Polish community]. Suddenly, we saw a big house on Chesterton Road with a lovely big room, that could be converted to make a bar, a nice kitchen and above a flat for the priest. They could have a Polish school there. It was in 1976. "

Mill Road was a central area for the post-war Polish community:

" Mill Road was a Polish area, because housing was cheap. [...] Once a year, the Polish priest used to do a house blessing. He basically visited every house, said a few prayers and drank a little bit of vodka.

One Polish shop on Mill Road Broadway was called the Cambridge Continental. It was run by Mr Staniewicz, who was a veteran of Monte Cassino in 1944' [key battle in Italy during the Second World War].

There was a big thing in the 1970s – parcels to Poland. Every Saturday you would go to the Polonia club and fill up parcels with food supplies, nappies or whatever. This would be sent to Poland. It was a regular run by a man from Peterborough, Mr Fabisch, who had a butcher’s shop on Devonshire Road/Mill Road. "

 

4. School education and language

Henry talks about his experiences in school and how he learnt English, but kept hold of his Polish language roots:

" We had our own Polish teacher, There were 69 children in the camp. We also went to the local primary school. Most of the Polish children couldn’t speak English but we were learning very quickly. You spoke to your parents in Polish. "

" We went to school, we were five years old. There were a dozen English children on one side of the room, and six Polish children from the camp on the other. Miss Demske [the school teacher happened to have Polish heritage] would come in and say ‘Good Morning’. The Polish children replied with ‘dzień dobry’. ‘No’, she says, ‘say it in English’. The English children would ask us, ‘what did you say to her?’ They wanted to know how we spoke, and we used to say ‘dzień dobry’ to them too. One morning, the teacher came in and said ‘good morning’. We all laughed when we Polish children said ‘good morning’ and the English children said ‘dzień dobry'."

Henryk Madej recalls his childhood as the son of Polish refugee immigrants:

I was sent to the Shirley School in Chesterton, but at that time my first and only language was Polish. I asked my mother why she sent me to a school of deaf children. That was because I was talking in Polish and everyone was looking at me very strangely. "

 

5. Employment

Henry and Henryk talk about the different employments, which their parents found in Cambridge:

" In those early days, the main work was farm work. My dad actually worked on a building site as a labourer, a lot of them did. Some worked at the cement factory or Pye’s, Fison’s, CIBA’s, everything local around Cambridge. The women used to go to Chiver's farm in Histon or local orchards in Melbourn and Harston. They used to come round with a bus and pick everyone up to take them fruit picking. But they always, and this was very good, let the kids go to school first before they arrived. Then the women got back to pick them up from school. It was basically a 9 to 5 job. In winter, there was not a lot to do for the women.

 

" After the war, my mother could speak both Polish, Russian, German and English, so she joined the RAF. She was stationed at Oakington, just outside Cambridge, where she met her husband to be... they came to settle down in Cambridge. "

 

" They all got jobs in local factories. My mother worked in a wool factory down York Street. She met lots of Polish people mainly through the church. My father was working for a company, which had contracts doing the approach and runway lights on USAF and RAF bases. So he ended up back at Oakington."

 

"Mother worked at Cathodeon, a part of the Pye factory, until she retired at the age of 60. She was there with a lot of other Poles."

 

6. Feelings and experiences of identity and integration

Henry talks about integrating into British society but holding on to his Polish identity:

 " I was born here, but I still feel Polish. For me, my Polish identity is very important. There were two (English) women in the village, who looked after us like grandparents. They were angels in the camp [Polish camp in Fowlmere]. For the first 18 years, I felt more Polish than English. When the camp closed in 1959, we moved to a house in Melbourne [village outside Cambridge]. But you would still go to Polish dances and meet Polish people. That went on until I was about 15, and then it started to slowly fade down."